Education

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Is the Devanagari Script in Danger?

Among humanity’s greatest discoveries, language and writing stand out as particularly significant. Scripts serve as the primary medium through which we express language, share thoughts, and record experiences in written form.

Since the invention of writing, countless scripts have emerged and faded from use. Some scripts have been completely lost to history as a result of gradual decline over time. For example, Maithili—a language spoken in parts of Bihar, Jharkhand, and Nepal—was traditionally written in two scripts: Kaithi and Mithilakshar (also known as Tirhuta). However, use of these scripts has diminished considerably, despite some promising technology-driven efforts to revive and teach them online to Maithili speakers.

Recently, our team undertook a survey on Hindi literacy skills in government schools in Darbhanga, Bihar. This study, conducted with children in grades 1 to 3 and involving approximately 400 participants, utilized the ASER assessment tool. Remarkably, only 40 percent of surveyed children could write their names.

Additional observations included:

  • Among the children who could write their names, nearly 70 percent were unable to do so in Devanagari script, even though Hindi is their spoken language. Some of these students could, however, easily write their names in the Roman script.
  • Only about 18 percent of children could write their names in both scripts, and even they appeared to prefer the Roman script.
  • Just 12 percent of the children expressed a preference for writing their names in Devanagari; the majority of these were students in class 3.

A key reason for this seems to be environmental influence. At this formative stage, children learn most naturally from their surroundings. Today, most children spend several hours daily on mobile devices, where they are constantly exposed to the Roman script from an early age. Thus, their brains develop a stronger familiarity with Roman letters, making them comparatively easier to learn than Devanagari. As a result, even fluent Hindi speakers are often more comfortable with the Roman script, leading to greater classroom difficulty in reading, comprehending textbooks, and expressing themselves in writing using Devanagari.

Addressing this trend requires small, consistent interventions, such as:

  • While completely restricting mobile use may be unrealistic (though advisable for young children for other reasons), children should have access to a variety of picture books, especially those in Devanagari script.
  • Schools should conduct regular read-aloud and storytelling sessions to stimulate curiosity and encourage Hindi reading habits.
  • Library activities, such as book talks and book treasure hunts, can play a supportive role.
  • Young children can be engaged by tracing Devanagari letters with their fingers in sand or other tactile materials to reinforce script formation.
  • Creating letter cards for recognition and word-building games can further motivate students to learn and use Devanagari.

क्या देवनागरी लिपि संकट में है?

मानवता की महानतम खोजों में भाषा और लिपि विशेष रूप से महत्वपूर्ण हैं। लिपियाँ वह माध्यम हैं जिनके द्वारा हम भाषा को अभिव्यक्त करते हैं, अपने विचार साझा करते हैं और अपने अनुभवों को लिखित रूप में रिकॉर्ड करते हैं।

लेखन की खोज के बाद कई लिपियों का विकास हुआ और समय के साथ उनमें से कई फिर खत्म भी हो गईं। कुछ लिपियाँ पूरी तरह से इतिहास के गर्त में चली गईं। उदाहरण के लिए, मैथिली भाषा—जो बिहार, झारखंड और नेपाल के कुछ भागों में बोली जाती है—परंपरागत रूप से दो लिपियों में लिखी जाती थी: कैथी और मिथिलाक्षर (जिसे तिरहुता भी कहा जाता है)। हालांकि, इन लिपियों का उपयोग काफी कम हो गया है, बावजूद इसके कि मैथिली भाषियों में इन्हें ऑनलाइन सीखने और पुनर्जीवित करने के लिए तकनीक आधारित सकारात्मक प्रयास हो रहे हैं।

हाल ही में, हमारी टीम ने बिहार के दरभंगा जिले के सरकारी स्कूलों में हिंदी साक्षरता कौशल के संबंध में एक सर्वेक्षण किया। यह अध्ययन कक्षा 1 से 3 के बच्चों के साथ किया गया, जिसमें लगभग 400 बच्चे शामिल थे, और यह ASER मूल्यांकन उपकरण का उपयोग कर किया गया। आश्चर्यजनक रूप से, केवल 40 प्रतिशत बच्चों ने अपने नाम लिखना सीखा था।

कुछ अन्य महत्वपूर्ण अवलोकन इस प्रकार हैं:

  • जिन बच्चों को अपने नाम लिखना आता था, उनमें लगभग 70 प्रतिशत बच्चे देवनागरी लिपि में अपने नाम लिखने में असमर्थ थे, जबकि उनकी मातृभाषा हिंदी थी। हालांकि, इनमें से कुछ बच्चे रोमन लिपि में आसानी से अपना नाम लिख सकते थे।
  • केवल लगभग 18 प्रतिशत बच्चे दोनों लिपियों में अपना नाम लिख सकते थे, परन्तु इनमें से अधिकतर का झुकाव रोमन लिपि की ओर था।
  • केवल 12 प्रतिशत बच्चों को जब अपने नाम देवनागरी लिपि में लिखने को कहा गया, तो उन्होंने इसकी प्राथमिकता दी; इनमें से अधिकांश कक्षा 3 के छात्र थे।

इसका मुख्य कारण पर्यावरणीय प्रभाव लगता है। इस प्रारंभिक अवस्था में बच्चे अपने आस-पास के वातावरण से सबसे स्वाभाविक रूप से सीखते हैं। आजकल, अधिकांश बच्चे प्रतिदिन कई घंटे मोबाइल उपकरणों पर बिताते हैं, जहाँ उन्हें शुरुआती उम्र से ही रोमन लिपि का संपर्क होता है। इसलिए, उनके मस्तिष्क में रोमन अक्षरों की छाप अधिक गहरी होती है, जिससे वे देवनागरी की तुलना में रोमन लिपि को आसानी से सीख पाते हैं। परिणामस्वरूप, सटीक हिंदी बोलने वाले भी अक्सर रोमन लिपि से अधिक सहज महसूस करते हैं, जिससे कक्षा में पढ़ाई, पाठ्यपुस्तकों को समझने और अपनी बात लिखित रूप में व्यक्त करने में देवनागरी के साथ कठिनाइयां उत्पन्न होती हैं।

इस प्रवृत्ति से निपटने के लिए निम्नलिखित छोटे, निरंतर प्रयास आवश्यक हैं:

  • मोबाइल फोन या अन्य इलेक्ट्रॉनिक उपकरणों का पूर्ण प्रतिबंध संभव नहीं (हालांकि छोटे बच्चों के लिए यह अन्य कई कारणों से अनुशंसित है), पर बच्चों को देवनागरी लिपि में चित्र पुस्तकें उपलब्ध कराना आवश्यक है।
  • स्कूलों में नियमित ‘रीड-एलाउड’ और कथाकथन सत्र आयोजित किए जाने चाहिए ताकि बच्चों की जिज्ञासा बढ़े और वे स्वयं हिंदी पढ़ने के लिए प्रोत्साहित हों।
  • पुस्तकालय में पुस्तक चर्चा और पुस्तक खोज जैसी गतिविधियाँ भी सहायक हो सकती हैं।
  • छोटे बच्चों को रेत या इसी तरह की सतहों पर अपनी उंगलियों से देवनागरी अक्षरों का निर्माण करवा कर लिपि सीखने में संलग्न किया जा सकता है।
  • अक्षर कार्ड बनाकर छात्रों को इन्हें पहचानने और विभिन्न अक्षरों को जोड़कर शब्द बनाने के लिए प्रेरित किया जा सकता है।

Creatively communicative about science & nature.

The moth flutters and swirls,

goes round and round,

but does it make a sound?

For it knows you are asleep.

So when you see a drowsy moth,

What should you do?

Let it snore away.

Inspired by a poem by David L. Harrison

The country celebrated National Moth Week from 17th to 25th July 2021. Elementary school students of government schools of Darbhanga, North Bihar steeped into exploring biodiversity as part of Wipro Earthian 2021, joined the National Moth Week celebrations this year, befriending these fascinating creatures. We hope there entry into the world of moths leads to sustained interest and positive actions on behalf of students and teachers that makes the world a safer and friendlier place for moths.

For 7 days, the team members of Aripana, along with teachers and students, learnt about one new moth by sharing pictures, their unique characteristics and sketching them. We even decided to focus on moths that have been seen particularly in North Bihar, in the year 2021. Below is a collage of some of the sketches by students and teachers, of the moths we learnt about.

A collage of the sketches of moths by students and teachers of government schools of Darbhanga, North Bihar.

This was quite a fun exercise and one that educated us quite a bit. During the process we were acquainted with various Indian platforms on the internet that are dedicated to moths (and other biodiversity) – documenting the names, characteristics, their occurrence, habitat, habits, etc. Two platforms we found to be quite comprehensive were The Moths of India and inaturalist. We also came across some helpful groups on Facebook, dedicated to moths.

It is the citizens, residents and common men and women of the country that have contributed to creating these platforms and the information on it. Through Citizen Science initiatives, individuals concerned and passionate about biodiversity, flora and fauna, contribute information about the natural world around them helping create very precious records of various species, each important in maintaining our ecological balance.

Team Aripana would like to introduce children to Citizen Science initiatives, supporting students and teachers to become creators of knowledge themselves – recording and sharing information about the natural world around them.

Jyoti Roy, Teacher, Heycock Institution, Laheria Serai, Darbhanga was traveling during the NMW week but succeeded in contributing to the week long exercise. “I also tried to draw a moth as I thought it would be the best way to encourage the children to do so along with making them aware of the kinds of moths present in their surroundings. And I anyway love activities related to nature.” We are so happy Jyoti Mam joined in despite her busy schedule, choosing to inspire students by her own actions.

Very soon, we had Nutan Kumari, Teacher, Bansidas Kanya Madhya Vidyalay contributing too. She believes drawing is a critical aspect of studying Biology as the skills required to draw, encourage observation and enhance knowledge of the world around us like no other medium. She not only enjoyed sketching moths but also followed it up with a lovely sketch of a pond ecosystem. “I was inspired to draw moths by the children and I went on to create a visual representation of the Pond Ecosystem as we were anyway teaching students the chapter  पौधों और जंतुओं का संरक्षण : जैव विविधता.”

A picture often conveys what many words do not, don’t you think?

We could not been happier with how the online science classes resulted in so much creativity and that too, on behalf of everyone, be it teachers or students or members of team Aripana. We hope to initiate a sustained project with the students and teachers soon, one that helps them be Citizen Scientists.

Concluding this post with samples of leaf art made by some students – busy as they were – exploring the leaves available in their immediate surroundings and the myriad ways in which they enrich our lives and the world in which we live.